Munchies and More: The Effects of Marijuana on the Brain
Biology 202
2002 Second Paper
On Serendip
Munchies and More: The Effects of Marijuana on the Brain
Kathryn Fong
To many, marijuana is seen as a horrible narcotic that causes many
physical and social problems. To others, it's a harmless drug that
gives the body a relaxing sensation. Marijuana can be found on many
college campuses and high schools. It is estimated that at least 70
million Americans have tried it, and of those people, 10-14% become
dependent of the drug (1).
Marijuana is often referred to as the "gateway" drug, leading the user
to more serious narcotics. Marijuana users experience different
sensations, from excessive mellowness, fuzzy memory, to the munchies.
Some of the typical effects are impairment of memory, alteration of
memory, motor coordination, posture, cognitive ability, and sensory
perception. So what is it in marijuana that keeps users wanting more?
The active ingredient in marijuana is
delta-9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC. The structure of THC is
very similar to the endogenous cannabinoids, or endocannabinoids for
short, which are naturally occurring chemicals in the body (1).The
THC binds to the receptors of the endocannabinoids, and activates the
neurons, causing the different sensations experienced during a high.
These receptors are spread throughout the brain. THC affects the
central nervous system, as well as the peripheral tissue systems. THC
can reduce pain, lower body temperature, and enhance appetite. It can
also be used for anti-inflammatory, bronchodilatory, and
anti-convulsant, which is why THC is used for medicinal purposes. THC
is used as a popular treatment for glaucoma by reducing ocular
pressure, and for neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis,
Huntington's Disease, and spinal cord injury (4).
The THC acts on the receptors of the endocannabinoids. Two known
endocannabinoid receptors are CB1 and CB2, which are found in the
nervous system and the periphery nervous system, respectively. The
receptors are coupled with G-proteins and mediate the inhibition of
adenylyl cyclase activity, which in turn reduce the production of
cyclic AMP, cAMP. The reduction of cAMP formation blocks calcium ion
flow into the cells, which would disrupt the formation of action
potentials. This may attribute to some of the side effects to marijuana
use (4). Cyclic AMP and calcium ions regulate several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine and dopamine (1). This may account for the nice and mellow feeling people experience when smoking pot.
The precise physiopathological responses between the stimulation and
inactivation of endocannabinoid receptors are still unclear, however,
it is known that the performance of the nervous system and the
peripheral processes, such as modulation of neurotransmitters, control
of immune, gastrointestinal, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems
are impacted. By observing the actions of the CB1 receptor, researchers
are able to determine different response pathways. The actions of the
CB1 receptors interact with thermoregulatory systems in the body. CB1
receptors also interact with sensory perception such as hearing, color
vision, and touch. Motor responses are also affected by CB1 receptors,
some motor responses being movement, coordination, posture, and muscle
function. THC has a high affinity to CB1 receptors, which may account
for the different sensations when one gets "high. Often times, a person
under the influence of marijuana feels an increase of body temperature,
hallucinates, seeing colors and objects that are not really there, has
trouble walking, or staggers around. It is the binding of the THC to
the receptors that cause this. The CB1 receptors and their
corresponding enzymes and proteins can be found in the thalamus,
hippocampus, cortex, striatum, substantia nigra, and cerebellum. This
shows that endocannabinoids and their substrates have a role in motor
and cognitive response (2).
THC may also affect the endocrine system. The CB1 receptors are found
in the hypothalamus of the brain, which regulates the secretion of
pituitary hormones. The release of the pituitary hormones can also lead
to the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormones (2).
It is still unknown if marijuana is addictive, or contains any
addictive agents. An experiment was done with monkeys, in which every
time they hit a lever, they would get injected with THC. After the
monkeys figured out how to operate the levers, they hit the lever about
30 times per minute. This however, does not prove whether the monkeys
were addicted or whether they just enjoyed the sensation, and felt it
was a reward. In humans, about 10-14% of users become dependent. There
are many treatment programs that help those addicted to marijuana (3).
It may more difficult to diagnose a marijuana addict because the
symptoms of marijuana addiction are not as noticeable as symptoms of
different dependence, such as alcoholism (1).
One thing that I wanted to find information on, but was not able to was
about the "munchies". My friend and I came up with the same question:
Do people actually experience the "munchies", or are it because they
heard that everyone experiences "munchies" after they smoke marijuana,
so they get the "munchies" too. Are the "munchies" a physiological
effect of marijuana use, or just a psychological effect? Though I did
not get an answer, I think it may be related to THC. This question may
require more research for the future.
References
1) Carrol, Linda, Marijuana Effects: More Than Just Munchies, New York Times, January 29, 2002
2) endogenous signaling system: chemistry, biochemistry, and physiology, from the Internet Journal of Science - Biological Chemistry
3) Hooked on Hash, from New Scientist, 2000
4) The Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Cannabinoid Receptors, May 1997
|
01/24/2006, from a Reader on the Web In regards to Katheryn Fong's Marijuana study. The Munchies are a very real thing. When I did use marijuana by smoking or drinking a tea. I did notice that even when I had something to eat an hour previously I had the sensation of being hungry again. I knew I couldn't be physicly hungry again and I was eating insane amounts of food. I also noticed that I had the cravings for sweets one minute and salty fatty foods the next. I believe that the body wants something for the THC to bind with, preferably fats. The body may be doing this for some reason but I will be conducting studies in a few years myself. I no longer use Marijuana but felt this could help. |
"Marijuana dependence?" You are one of the people who create that myth and the myth that it is a dangerous narcotic ... Jared Barnett, 28 February 2007
i think marijuana is fine it's herbal and the doctors give it to thier patience someitimes ... Cassy, 10 December 2007









Hey I did some research
Hey I did some research myself and I called a doctor who does research in Colorado and he was saying that the reason for "munchies" is because there's a chemical in marijuana that has the same composition as a chemical your body releases to let you know you're hungry. It's an instinctual reaction he was saying and also has the effect of making you crave more marijuana, so when you smoke you want to smoke more but the feeling goes away after you stop smoking.
munchies
from my expeirience with marijuana, the munchies only seem to occur when i am bored or have nothing better to do. however when i start to eat, there becomes a sense of joy in eating and i am able to eat in large quantities (enough food for 4 people to be satisfied). i am 6 foot and weigh 150 pounds, so eating large quantities of food isnt a normal occurance and i beleive that it is in this ability induced by marijuana that there is a sort of pleasure in eating that is enhanced by the drug which makes it a more enjoyable activity coupled with an almost bottomless stomach, thus inducing the so called "munchies." however, this is just my veiw on how my body reacts to marijuana. what is true for some may not be true for others.
Questions about marijuana
Would you say that marijuana would be good for a person who has swelling around spinal cord?
Would say that marijuana is life threatning, with one who has no medical ailments?
munchies...
marijuana can reduce pain lower body temp, increase appetite.
not quite a quote but that was listed in this. then one would go on to wonder if marijuana causes munchies. read your own research
Marijuanna
Marijuanna does not reduce pain, in fact, the latest studies shows it actually increase sensibility to pain, the munchies are caused by the area affected by the drug, that area controls hunger, memory, sensorial perceptions, circulatory system (increase of up to twice the regular heart beat), it also causes constrictions of vasculatory systeme in the brain, thus causing memory gaps. That side effect can last up to a month after taing the drug, That drug is not harmless, it IS addictive, scientist are more and more convince that POT can cause cancer since it has more than twice the tar of cigarette, and contain 15 times more combustion particules that are known to cause cancer.
Pot is now known to cause hepatitis "C" and liver damage, if abused constitently for a long periode of time. it also damage and reduce the number of sperms, stomach, groth glands, reduce your drive to do things and motivations, etc... still think it's safe ? You must be high not to see all the bad things pot does behind the illusionnary mellow feeling. stay away, cause "mary wanna" hurt you
Natural high obtained by sports, hobby's, and friendly "sober" gathering, is always the best, cannabinoid are actually naturally produced by the brain with no side effect. Be yourself, be free, be clean...
Marijuana lowers blood pressure
Marijuana lowers blood pressure, and causes you to not feel pain. Unlike above me, here's a few links:
http://marijuanacannabis.com/marijuanacannabis_painkiller.html
http://www.drugpolicy.org/marijuana/medical/challenges/litigators/medical/conditions/pain.cfm
http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/21/1053196618331.html
A message to all people like this: Please actually research information before trying to waste our time with unintelligible bullshit.
marijuana isnt addictive.
marijuana isnt addictive. people who get addicted usually smoke blunt wraps and that has tobacco in it so thats what they get addicted to. and the munchies thing is true
if munchies aren't real than
if munchies aren't real than i shouldn't be able to eat like two pizzas. like i think it would be pretty hard to convince me to do that. just saying
"Munchies"
I believe that one's body has the desire to eat when high because eating will restore the balance in your body; it will bring you down from your high. There will be a particular craving for sweet or fatty foods, because that is what will bring your high down the fastest. There is no scientific data I can find to support this belief, just lots of first hand experience. I only get the munchies when I have smoked a considerable amount. I find if I smoke just a little, I have a functional "high", which is a state where I will do other activities and the marijuana has a relaxing and beneficial effect. If I smoke a lot, then I feel a bit overwhelmed and out of it, I get food cravings, and after eating, feel better.
It is all relative. Each person will react differently and have different levels of tolerance. Nevertheless, craving food is a common effect.
Finally, marijuana, especially the strains of genetically modified and enhanced marijuana available since the early 1990s, is very addictive to people predisposed to addictive behavior. It is a psychological addiction with some minor uncomfortable physiological effects from withdrawal. Don't let the "psychological addiction" confuse you- it is a real addiction.
The main issue with marijuana addiction is that it isn't devastating. It just makes you function at a lower level. It can reduce anxiety, tension and pain, but it also makes you a bit dumber and slower- which is relative. I know many people who smoke and are still high earning educated professionals- but they are really intelligent- they have the brain cells to spare. Being dumber for them is still way above average. Be careful of such people- they can mislead you into believing you can do the same. Most chronic smokers (not occasional or casual smokers, I am referring to people who smoke every day) who are past college age are idiots- harmless and even funny at times- but idiots nonetheless.
Oh please. Munchies are
Oh please. Munchies are definitely real. I was stoned every day for about a year when at university. Unfortunately, they r very real. PersonallY i think it's because you 'spin out' like when drunk but you feel dizzy almost from smoking too much. You also start to feel shaky. I think eating the food gets you back in your body. I'm serious. You get so 'spaced out' that you panic and eating is the only way to turn your brain off and stop a major panic attack. Seriously that's my experience after as I say a year of heavy daily smoking, and I'm female. I haven't done any drugs for 8 years now. And I don't drink. For vanity and spiritual reasons! hehe. I mean horses/animals don't drink do they, and they're lovely.
I spent a lot of time
I spent a lot of time thinking about this one day with my brother. I came up with a few theories. First is about the shakes, hypoglycemics often experience the shakes when they are low on blood sugar. The best cure for this of coarse is simple sugars, aka crappy junk food. Another thought came to me when I realized that I don't get the munchies, and as so happened on that night night I was over at my cousin's and all he did was watch TV and eat junk. I on the other hand talked with my brother about the beauty in the randomness and infinite complexity involved in the growth of a tree. I also recall hearing at some point that weed makes you horny. I'd now like to draw on Plato's theory on personality. Plato believed that there were three elements involved in someones personality. Plato, I'm sure by the way, was an avid user of marijuana. He did after all travel to India, and the middle east during a time when marijana or ghanja, was prevalent. So plato said that the first area is desire, desire to eat, desire to be comfortable, desire to do it. The second is emotion. The ability to love, to fight and die, courage, spirit, sadness, altruism. The final is intellect, the desire to learn and increase knowledge, and the ability to analyze concepts, and synthesize theories. Marijuana, I believe, causes one to stand out, and all the others to dim. I hope you can all find examples in your own lives to back up what I'm talking about.
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