globals [coin]
turtles-own [age missionaccomplished?]

breed [dominants dominant]
breed [heterozygotes heterozygote]
breed [recessives recessive]


;;;;;
;; Basic Setup
;;;;;


to startup
setup
end

to setup
ca
if randomtraits? = false                  ;; Creates turtles based on user-selected distributions of genotypes  
  [create-dominants #dominants
   create-heterozygotes #heterozygotes
   create-recessives #recessives]
if randomtraits? = true                   ;; Creates turtles with a random distribution of genotypes
  [create-dominants random 10
   create-heterozygotes random 10
   create-recessives random 10]
ask dominants [set color blue             ;; Gives homozygous dominant turtles a blue phenotype
               set xcor random-xcor 
               set ycor random-ycor]
ask heterozygotes [set xcor random-xcor   ;; Gives heterozygous turtles either a blue or a green phenotype
                   set ycor random-ycor
                   ifelse showasdifferent? = true [set color green] [set color blue]]
ask recessives [set color yellow          ;; Gives homozygous recessive turtles a yellow phenotype
                set xcor random-xcor 
                set ycor random-ycor]             
ask turtles [set age 0
             set missionaccomplished? false]
end

to go
if count turtles < 2 [stop clear-turtles] ;; Makes sure there are enough turtles in the world to reproduce and increase the population size
move
reproduce
getolder                                  ;; See "Components of "Go"" below for details 
expire
update-plot
tick
end


;;;;;
;; Components of "Go"
;;;;;


to move                                   ;; Turtles move randomly
ask turtles [rt random 360 
  fd 1]
end

to reproduce                              ;; When two turtles who have reached the user-set reproductive age land on the same patch, 
ask turtles [if count dominants-here = 2                     ;; they produce a single new turtle with a genotype determined by the rules of Mendelian Genetics
and age > reproage 
              [hatch-dominants 1 [set age 0 set color blue set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]]
ask turtles [if count dominants-here = 1 and count heterozygotes-here = 1 
and age > reproage 
              [set coin one-of (list 0 1) 
                if coin = 0 [hatch-heterozygotes 1 [set age 0 ifelse showasdifferent? = true [set color green] [set color blue] set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]
                if coin = 1 [hatch-dominants 1 [set age 0 set color blue set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]]]              
ask turtles [if count dominants-here = 1 and count recessives-here = 1  
and age > reproage 
              [hatch-heterozygotes 1 [set age 0 ifelse showasdifferent? = true [set color green] [set color blue] set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]]
ask turtles [if count recessives-here = 2 
and age > reproage 
              [hatch-recessives 1 [set age 0 set color yellow set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]]
ask turtles [if count recessives-here = 1 and count heterozygotes-here = 1 
and age > reproage 
              [set coin one-of (list 0 1)
                if coin = 0 [hatch-heterozygotes 1 [set age 0 ifelse showasdifferent? = true [set color green] [set color blue] set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]
                if coin = 1 [hatch-recessives 1 [set age 0 set color yellow set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]]]
ask turtles [if count heterozygotes-here = 2 
and age > reproage 
              [set coin one-of (list 0 1 1 2)
                if coin = 0 [hatch-dominants 1 [set age 0 set color blue set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]
                if coin = 1 [hatch-heterozygotes 1 [set age 0 ifelse showasdifferent? = true [set color green] [set color blue] set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]
                if coin = 2 [hatch-recessives 1 [set age 0 set color yellow set missionaccomplished? false] set missionaccomplished? true]]]
end

to getolder                               ;; Turtles age in order to reach reproductive age and ultimately die
ask turtles [set age age + 1]
end

to expire                                 ;; Turtles do not last forever.  Their death rate is proportionate to their population size
  ask turtles [if missionaccomplished? = true and random (maxnumber) < (count turtles) [die]]  
end


;;;;;
;; Selection Methods
;;;;;


to bottleneck                             ;; Allows the user to kill off 3/4 of the population at random with a single click
ask turtles [set age 0] 
ask turtles [if ByLocation? = true [if xcor > 1 or ycor < 1 [die]]]              ;; Kills turtles within Quadrants I, III and IV
if ByLocation? = false [ask n-of (round (count turtles * .75)) turtles [die]]    ;; Kills 3/4 of the turtles at random
update-plot
end

to select                                 ;; Allows the user to put as much selection pressure as they desire on any or all of the genotypes 
if selectionvictims = "recessives" [ask recessives [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( recessive-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]]
if selectionvictims = "dominants" [ask dominants [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( dominant-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]]
if selectionvictims = "heterozygotes" [ask heterozygotes [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( heterozygote-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]]
if selectionvictims = "allbutrecessives" [ask dominants [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( dominant-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]
  ask heterozygotes [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( heterozygote-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]] 
if selectionvictims = "allbutdominants" [ask recessives [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( recessive-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]
  ask heterozygotes [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( heterozygote-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]]
if selectionvictims = "allbutheterozygotes" [ask dominants [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( dominant-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]] 
  ask recessives [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( recessive-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]]
if selectionvictims = "allgenotypes" [ask dominants [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( dominant-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (dominant-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]
  ask heterozygotes [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( heterozygote-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (heterozygote-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]
  ask recessives [set coin one-of (list 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10)
  if ( recessive-survival? = 0 and ( coin != 0 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 10 and ( coin != 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 20 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 30 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 40 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 50 and ( coin != 1 and coin != 2 and coin != 3 and coin != 4 and coin != 5 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 60 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 or coin = 4 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 70 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 or coin = 3 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 80 and ( coin = 1 or coin = 2 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 90 and ( coin = 1 )) or
  (recessive-survival? = 100 and ( coin = 0 )) [die]]]
end


;;;;;
;; Genotype Graph
;;;;;


to update-plot                                      ;; Keeps the graph of relative proportions of genotypes up-to-date
  set-current-plot "Genotypes"
  set-current-plot-pen "Dominant"
  plot (((count dominants) / ((count turtles) + .1))* 100)
  set-current-plot-pen "Heterozygote"
  plot (((count heterozygotes) / ((count turtles) + .1))* 100)
  set-current-plot-pen "Recessive"
  plot (((count recessives) / ((count turtles) + .1))* 100)
  end
@#$#@#$#@
GRAPHICS-WINDOW
339
10
752
444
16
16
12.212121212121213
1
10
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
-16
16
-16
16
0
0
1
ticks

CC-WINDOW
5
760
761
855
Command Center
0

BUTTON
7
11
70
44
NIL
setup
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

BUTTON
70
11
133
44
NIL
go
T
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

BUTTON
133
11
196
44
step
go
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

SLIDER
8
88
180
121
#dominants
#dominants
0
10
0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

SLIDER
8
121
180
154
#heterozygotes
#heterozygotes
0
10
10
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

SLIDER
8
154
180
187
#recessives
#recessives
0
10
0
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

PLOT
81
497
447
647
Genotypes
NIL
NIL
0.0
10.0
0.0
10.0
true
false
PENS
"Dominant" 1.0 0 -13345367 true
"Heterozygote" 1.0 0 -10899396 true
"Recessive" 1.0 0 -1184463 true

MONITOR
81
648
176
693
Total # of Turtles
count dominants + count heterozygotes + count recessives
17
1
11

MONITOR
176
648
257
693
% Dominant
((count dominants) / \n((count turtles) + .1))\n* 100
0
1
11

MONITOR
257
648
362
693
% Heterozygote
((count heterozygotes) / \n((count turtles) + .1))\n* 100
0
1
11

MONITOR
362
648
447
693
% Recessive
((count recessives) / \n((count turtles) + .1))\n* 100
0
1
11

SWITCH
34
46
166
79
randomtraits?
randomtraits?
1
1
-1000

SWITCH
181
122
332
155
showasdifferent?
showasdifferent?
0
1
-1000

SLIDER
8
232
180
265
reproage
reproage
0
100
100
1
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

BUTTON
8
279
97
312
NIL
bottleneck
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

SWITCH
96
279
214
312
bylocation?
bylocation?
1
1
-1000

SLIDER
8
199
180
232
maxnumber
maxnumber
0
1000
1000
100
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

MONITOR
175
693
258
746
# Dominants
count dominants
17
1
13

MONITOR
258
693
363
746
# Heterozygotes
count heterozygotes
17
1
13

MONITOR
363
693
447
746
# recessives
count recessives
17
1
13

BUTTON
8
311
97
356
NIL
select
NIL
1
T
OBSERVER
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

CHOOSER
96
311
214
356
selectionvictims
selectionvictims
"dominants" "heterozygotes" "recessives" "allbutdominants" "allbutheterozygotes" "allbutrecessives" "allgenotypes"
6

SLIDER
8
371
185
404
dominant-survival?
dominant-survival?
0
100
0
10
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

SLIDER
8
404
185
437
heterozygote-survival?
heterozygote-survival?
0
100
0
10
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

SLIDER
8
437
185
470
recessive-survival?
recessive-survival?
0
100
0
10
1
NIL
HORIZONTAL

@#$#@#$#@
WHAT IS IT?
-----------
	Evolution can be defined as the changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time.  This change can be both active and passive, being driven by either direct selection pressures or by random chance.  The purpose of this model is to show the effects of both of these types of change in the form of a basic selection event and a bottleneck event, which represents sudden, random change.  Ultimately, this model can show that random change can have effects on a population similar to the effects of selection and by extension that selection is instrumental but not essential to the course of evolution.


HOW IT WORKS
------------
	Turtles are created with certain genotypes: homozygous dominant, heterozygous, or homozygous recessive.  They move at random through the world, getting older at each tick.  When two turtles that have reached their reproductive age land on the same patch, they produce a single offspring.  The offspring have genotypes according to the genotypes of their parents and the rules of basic Mendelian genetics.  The turtles, once they've reproduced, die out in proportion to their population size.  The ratios of genotypes in the population are monitored on the graph.  
	The "bottleneck" and "select" features allow the user to suddenly reduce the population size according to either random chance or changeable selection parameters.


HOW TO USE IT
-------------
	Begin by setting the randomtraits? switch to either "on" or "off".  If the randomtraits? switch is set to "on", the model will create a random number of dominant (blue) turtles (0-10), heterozygous (blue/green) turtles (0-10) and recessive (yellow) turtles (0-10).  If the randomtraits? switch is set to "off", select the number of each genotype to create using the appropriate sliders.  If the "showasdifferent?" switch is on, the heterozygotes will display their own distinct phenotype (green color).  If it is off, they will display the dominant phenotype (blue color).  The "Setup" button will clear the world and create the desired turtles.
	Using the "maxnumber" and "reproage" sliders, select the desired maximum population size and the age the turtles must be before they reproduce respectively.
	Hit "Go" to run the model continuously, or "Step" to run it one iteration at a time.
	To cause a bottleneck event, set the "bylocation?" switch to either "on" (to kill all turtles in Quadrants I, III and IV) or "off" (to kill 3/4 of the total population at random).  Hitting the "bottleneck" button will cause the event to occur and will update the graph to reflect the sudden changes.
	To see the effects of selection pressure on the population, a few parameters must be set.  Begin by selecting the genotype against which you'd like to select.  You can choose to select against any single genotype, any combination of two genotypes, or all three of the genotypes.  The "[genotype]-survival?" sliders allow you to select the probability that each genotype will die if the "Select" button is hit.  O indicates that all the turtles of the genotype will die every time (they will survive 0% of the time), 50 indicates that they have a 50/50 chance of dying each time (they will survive 50% of the time) and 100 indicates that they will survive 100% of the time.  Hitting the "Select" button will kill off a number of turtles that is consistent with the survival parameters you've selected.


THINGS TO NOTICE
----------------
	Watch the graph as it shows the changing ratios of genotypes in the population.  Notice the overall trend in the ratios.  Which genotype is most prevalent in the population?  Which is least prevalent?  What happens when a bottleneck event occurs?  Are these changes permanent?  If not, how long does it take before the original trend returns?


THINGS TO TRY
-------------
	Begin by creating 10 dominant or 10 recessive turtles and running the program.  Notice the effects of a bottleneck event and of selective pressure on a population without genetic variability.  Next, create 10 heterozygous turtles and run the program.  Notice the effects of bottlenecking and selection of a population with equal numbers of dominant and recessive alleles.
	Try beginning with different ratios of genotypes, or let the random generator select the initial genotypes for you.  Run the program and observe the effects of bottlenecking on the population until you are familiar with them.  Then, begin with the same genotypic ratios and try to find the right combination of selective pressures to put upon the population to mimic the previously-observed effects of the bottleneck event.  


CREDITS AND REFERENCES
----------------------
Thanks to Paul Grobstein and the students of the Spring 2009 Emergence course for their guidance and input into the concept of this model, and especially to Evan R for his help with the programming.
@#$#@#$#@
default
true
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250

airplane
true
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15

arrow
true
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150

box
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75
Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135
Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135
Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75
Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75

bug
true
0
Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108
Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80
Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80
Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30
Line -7500403 true 150 100 220 30

butterfly
true
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 165 209 199 225 225 225 255 195 270 165 255 150 240
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 165 89 198 75 225 75 255 105 270 135 255 150 240
Polygon -7500403 true true 139 148 100 105 55 90 25 90 10 105 10 135 25 180 40 195 85 194 139 163
Polygon -7500403 true true 162 150 200 105 245 90 275 90 290 105 290 135 275 180 260 195 215 195 162 165
Polygon -16777216 true false 150 255 135 225 120 150 135 120 150 105 165 120 180 150 165 225
Circle -16777216 true false 135 90 30
Line -16777216 false 150 105 195 60
Line -16777216 false 150 105 105 60

car
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 300 180 279 164 261 144 240 135 226 132 213 106 203 84 185 63 159 50 135 50 75 60 0 150 0 165 0 225 300 225 300 180
Circle -16777216 true false 180 180 90
Circle -16777216 true false 30 180 90
Polygon -16777216 true false 162 80 132 78 134 135 209 135 194 105 189 96 180 89
Circle -7500403 true true 47 195 58
Circle -7500403 true true 195 195 58

circle
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300

circle 2
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300
Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240

cow
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 200 193 197 249 179 249 177 196 166 187 140 189 93 191 78 179 72 211 49 209 48 181 37 149 25 120 25 89 45 72 103 84 179 75 198 76 252 64 272 81 293 103 285 121 255 121 242 118 224 167
Polygon -7500403 true true 73 210 86 251 62 249 48 208
Polygon -7500403 true true 25 114 16 195 9 204 23 213 25 200 39 123

cylinder
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300

dot
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 90 90 120

face happy
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 8 8 285
Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60
Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60
Polygon -16777216 true false 150 255 90 239 62 213 47 191 67 179 90 203 109 218 150 225 192 218 210 203 227 181 251 194 236 217 212 240

face neutral
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 8 7 285
Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60
Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60
Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 195 240 225

face sad
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 8 8 285
Circle -16777216 true false 60 75 60
Circle -16777216 true false 180 75 60
Polygon -16777216 true false 150 168 90 184 62 210 47 232 67 244 90 220 109 205 150 198 192 205 210 220 227 242 251 229 236 206 212 183

fish
false
0
Polygon -1 true false 44 131 21 87 15 86 0 120 15 150 0 180 13 214 20 212 45 166
Polygon -1 true false 135 195 119 235 95 218 76 210 46 204 60 165
Polygon -1 true false 75 45 83 77 71 103 86 114 166 78 135 60
Polygon -7500403 true true 30 136 151 77 226 81 280 119 292 146 292 160 287 170 270 195 195 210 151 212 30 166
Circle -16777216 true false 215 106 30

flag
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 60 15 75 300
Polygon -7500403 true true 90 150 270 90 90 30
Line -7500403 true 75 135 90 135
Line -7500403 true 75 45 90 45

flower
false
0
Polygon -10899396 true false 135 120 165 165 180 210 180 240 150 300 165 300 195 240 195 195 165 135
Circle -7500403 true true 85 132 38
Circle -7500403 true true 130 147 38
Circle -7500403 true true 192 85 38
Circle -7500403 true true 85 40 38
Circle -7500403 true true 177 40 38
Circle -7500403 true true 177 132 38
Circle -7500403 true true 70 85 38
Circle -7500403 true true 130 25 38
Circle -7500403 true true 96 51 108
Circle -16777216 true false 113 68 74
Polygon -10899396 true false 189 233 219 188 249 173 279 188 234 218
Polygon -10899396 true false 180 255 150 210 105 210 75 240 135 240

house
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 45 120 255 285
Rectangle -16777216 true false 120 210 180 285
Polygon -7500403 true true 15 120 150 15 285 120
Line -16777216 false 30 120 270 120

leaf
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 210 135 195 120 210 60 210 30 195 60 180 60 165 15 135 30 120 15 105 40 104 45 90 60 90 90 105 105 120 120 120 105 60 120 60 135 30 150 15 165 30 180 60 195 60 180 120 195 120 210 105 240 90 255 90 263 104 285 105 270 120 285 135 240 165 240 180 270 195 240 210 180 210 165 195
Polygon -7500403 true true 135 195 135 240 120 255 105 255 105 285 135 285 165 240 165 195

line
true
0
Line -7500403 true 150 0 150 300

line half
true
0
Line -7500403 true 150 0 150 150

pentagon
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 15 15 120 60 285 240 285 285 120

person
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 110 5 80
Polygon -7500403 true true 105 90 120 195 90 285 105 300 135 300 150 225 165 300 195 300 210 285 180 195 195 90
Rectangle -7500403 true true 127 79 172 94
Polygon -7500403 true true 195 90 240 150 225 180 165 105
Polygon -7500403 true true 105 90 60 150 75 180 135 105

plant
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 135 90 165 300
Polygon -7500403 true true 135 255 90 210 45 195 75 255 135 285
Polygon -7500403 true true 165 255 210 210 255 195 225 255 165 285
Polygon -7500403 true true 135 180 90 135 45 120 75 180 135 210
Polygon -7500403 true true 165 180 165 210 225 180 255 120 210 135
Polygon -7500403 true true 135 105 90 60 45 45 75 105 135 135
Polygon -7500403 true true 165 105 165 135 225 105 255 45 210 60
Polygon -7500403 true true 135 90 120 45 150 15 180 45 165 90

square
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 30 30 270 270

square 2
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 30 30 270 270
Rectangle -16777216 true false 60 60 240 240

star
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 151 1 185 108 298 108 207 175 242 282 151 216 59 282 94 175 3 108 116 108

target
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 0 0 300
Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240
Circle -7500403 true true 60 60 180
Circle -16777216 true false 90 90 120
Circle -7500403 true true 120 120 60

tree
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 118 3 94
Rectangle -6459832 true false 120 195 180 300
Circle -7500403 true true 65 21 108
Circle -7500403 true true 116 41 127
Circle -7500403 true true 45 90 120
Circle -7500403 true true 104 74 152

triangle
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255

triangle 2
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 150 30 15 255 285 255
Polygon -16777216 true false 151 99 225 223 75 224

truck
false
0
Rectangle -7500403 true true 4 45 195 187
Polygon -7500403 true true 296 193 296 150 259 134 244 104 208 104 207 194
Rectangle -1 true false 195 60 195 105
Polygon -16777216 true false 238 112 252 141 219 141 218 112
Circle -16777216 true false 234 174 42
Rectangle -7500403 true true 181 185 214 194
Circle -16777216 true false 144 174 42
Circle -16777216 true false 24 174 42
Circle -7500403 false true 24 174 42
Circle -7500403 false true 144 174 42
Circle -7500403 false true 234 174 42

turtle
true
0
Polygon -10899396 true false 215 204 240 233 246 254 228 266 215 252 193 210
Polygon -10899396 true false 195 90 225 75 245 75 260 89 269 108 261 124 240 105 225 105 210 105
Polygon -10899396 true false 105 90 75 75 55 75 40 89 31 108 39 124 60 105 75 105 90 105
Polygon -10899396 true false 132 85 134 64 107 51 108 17 150 2 192 18 192 52 169 65 172 87
Polygon -10899396 true false 85 204 60 233 54 254 72 266 85 252 107 210
Polygon -7500403 true true 119 75 179 75 209 101 224 135 220 225 175 261 128 261 81 224 74 135 88 99

wheel
false
0
Circle -7500403 true true 3 3 294
Circle -16777216 true false 30 30 240
Line -7500403 true 150 285 150 15
Line -7500403 true 15 150 285 150
Circle -7500403 true true 120 120 60
Line -7500403 true 216 40 79 269
Line -7500403 true 40 84 269 221
Line -7500403 true 40 216 269 79
Line -7500403 true 84 40 221 269

x
false
0
Polygon -7500403 true true 270 75 225 30 30 225 75 270
Polygon -7500403 true true 30 75 75 30 270 225 225 270

@#$#@#$#@
NetLogo 4.0.4
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
@#$#@#$#@
default
0.0
-0.2 0 0.0 1.0
0.0 1 1.0 0.0
0.2 0 0.0 1.0
link direction
true
0
Line -7500403 true 150 150 90 180
Line -7500403 true 150 150 210 180

@#$#@#$#@