globals [ escaped time message-list blue-mistake-list blue-mistakes yellow-mistake-list yellow-mistakes] turtles-own [health oldhealth avoid messages age mistakes] to setup ca ask turtles [ set messages 0 set age 0] set escaped 0 set time 0 crt number-turtles ask turtles [set health 2 set color green set avoid 0 ] ask patches [if pxcor = 5 [set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pxcor = 10 [set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pxcor = -5 [set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pxcor = -10[set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pycor = 10 [set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pycor = 13 [set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pycor = -10 [set pcolor red]] ask patches [if pycor = -13 [set pcolor red]] end ;drawing procedure to go set time time + 1 set escaped count turtles with [xcor > 5 or xcor < -5 or ycor > 10 or ycor < -10 and color = blue] ;;count blue turtles as escaped if they step out of the central rectangular area with x= [-5, 5] and y=[-10, 10] ask turtles [ifelse trace [pd][pu]] ;;pen down and pen up option (There is a button for this) ask turtles [set oldhealth health set age age + 1] ;;Turtles start out with a certain health "oldheatlh" ask turtles [if color = green [set heading random 360 fd 1] if color = yellow [go2] if color = blue [go3]] ;;if the turtle has not learned yet, keep on navigating randomly ;;if the turtle learned by experience: go to go2, ;;if the turtle learned by interaction, go to go3 ask turtles [if pcolor = red [set health health - 1 if color = green [set color yellow]]] ;;if the patch the turtle is on is red, set the health down and if the turtle color is green, set it to yellow ask turtles [if health < oldhealth [set avoid pcolor]] ;;if the health is down, avoid patches with colors ask turtles with [color = blue and messages < 10] [if any? turtles-here with [avoid != 0] [set messages messages + .005]] ;;if the turtle is blue (learned by itneraction) and has acquired less than 10 messages, if it interacts with another turtle that has the avoid message(YELLOW) ;;add that message (each msg= .005). ask turtles with [avoid = 0] [if any? turtles-here with [avoid != 0] [set avoid [avoid] of other turtles-here with [avoid != 0] set color blue set messages messages + .005]] ;;if there is a yellow turtle and another one that hasn't learned comes into contact with it, set the avoid message and make the message count as .005 of a message ask turtles [if pcolor = red [set mistakes mistakes + 1]] ;;IF the color the turtle is on is red, then set count that as a mistake tick update end ;;if turtles have learned to avoid and they come into contact with other turtles, set their color to blue. to go2 if [pcolor] of patch-ahead 1 = avoid [ set heading heading + 180 ] fd 1 set heading random 360 ;;if the color of the patch ahead is to be avoided move away 180 degrees move fd 1 and set a random heading end to go3 set heading random 360 if [pcolor] of patch-ahead 1 = avoid and random 10 < messages [ set heading heading + 180 ] fd 1 ;;if the color of the patch ahead 1 is to be avoided and your number of interactions with another turtle is less than 10, turn around and moce forward 1 end to update set message-list [] set blue-mistake-list [] set yellow-mistake-list [] ask turtles with [color = blue] [set message-list lput messages message-list] ask turtles with [color = blue] [if ticks mod 20 = 0 [set blue-mistake-list lput mistakes blue-mistake-list set mistakes 0]] if blue-mistake-list != [] [set blue-mistakes mean blue-mistake-list] ask turtles with [color = yellow] [if ticks mod 20 = 0 [set yellow-mistake-list lput mistakes yellow-mistake-list set mistakes 0]] if yellow-mistake-list != [] [set yellow-mistakes mean yellow-mistake-list] set-current-plot "Escapees" plot escaped set-current-plot "Mistake Rates" if yellow-mistake-list != [] [set-current-plot-pen "yellow" plot mean yellow-mistake-list] if blue-mistake-list != [] [set-current-plot-pen "blue" plot mean blue-mistake-list] end @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 212 11 729 549 18 18 13.703 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -18 18 -18 18 0 0 1 ticks CC-WINDOW 5 563 738 658 Command Center 0 BUTTON 2 10 65 43 NIL setup\n NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 131 10 194 43 NIL go\n NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 67 10 130 43 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 12 56 184 89 number-turtles number-turtles 2 250 117 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SWITCH 55 118 145 151 trace trace 1 1 -1000 MONITOR 101 308 160 353 NIL escaped 1 1 11 PLOT 2 159 202 309 Escapees time escaped 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 0 -16777216 true MONITOR 2 308 99 353 Avg. Messages mean message-list 2 1 11 MONITOR 2 503 101 548 Rate Blue Mistakes blue-mistakes 2 1 11 MONITOR 101 503 209 548 Rate Yellow Mistakes yellow-mistakes 2 1 11 PLOT 2 353 202 503 Mistake Rates NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 true true PENS "Yellow" 1.0 0 -955883 true "Blue" 1.0 0 -13345367 true @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This aim of this model is to show different types of learning: 1) learning by experience and 2) learning through direct interaction (cultural learning). The general idea is that agents that learn by experience engage in behavior that consists of making less mistakes. Learning by interaction results in a type of learning behavior that requires time in order to get the desired avoidance behavior. This is a relatively simple model that highlights the fact that not all learning behavior is the same and that in some types of environments, a type of learning has an advantage over another that can diminish over time. HOW IT WORKS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This section could explain what rules the agents use to create the overall behavior of the model. What agents need to do: -move, with some degree of randomness: *the turtles all begin by moving around and navigating randomly -observe, interact with world: *this is present in my model in the turtles, which have to observe the patch color that they are on as they continue to navigate and proceed onto interacting with the world (the rest of the turtles) -learn from interactions with world: *this is the main point or objective of my model learning by experience and learning by interaction (cultural learning) -get it less wrong - induction *learn to associate red barriers as something that should be avoided adopt avoidance behavior so that eventually both types of learners are essentially acting and navigating in the same way in this environment The more interactions you have and the more you are exposed to something, the more likely you are to get it wrong the next time **again, this is a very simple model and may not apply to all types of learning (such as fear and other things that become reinforced very quickly) -create internal models of the world *one in which the turtles learn to avoid barriers, even the ones that initially learned by experience HOW TO USE IT --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -setup button set all the starting conditions' -hit go to let the model start running -hit the number-turtles button to set the number of turtles THINGS TO NOTICE --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This section could give some ideas of things for the user to notice while running the model. Notice: 1) the starting color of the turtles 2) the different colored turtles that emerge, two types: Blue turtles and yellow turtles. 3) Notice the avoidance behavior of the turtles 4) The mistakes rate graph: look at how over time the number of mistakes for both groups of turtles change. What happens? The mistakes of the blue turtles decrease and become similar to those of the yellow turtles (direct experience learners) THINGS TO TRY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This section could give some ideas of things for the user to try to do (move sliders, switches, etc.) with the model. You can try: -adding varying the number of turtles to see how long it takes for the interaction learners and the direct experience learners to perform in the same way. -add less turtles to closely watch the behavior of the turtles and the time when they change colors -the TRACE button allows for one to see the paths that the turtles have taken -the ESCAPE graph: keeps track of the number of BLUE (interaction learners) turtles that have left the central rectangle area. This graph only shows blue escapees, NOT yellow. Future models can include a graph for yellow escapees since they also escape and are not perfect in their avoidance behavior. EXTENDING THE MODEL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This section could give some ideas of things to add or change in the procedures tab to make the model more complicated, detailed, accurate, etc. Several suggestions for future things to try: -adding a button that changes the message value per interaction. If you count each interaction as 1 message, the model quickly reaches a point in which the blue turtles have interacted more than 10 times. Therefore, changing the number to a value less than 10 prolongs the probability behavior for the observer. -alternatively, a reward could be given to turtles that engage in certain types of avoidance behaviors (again, there are many possibilites oh how to increase the complexity of avoidance behavior and learning over time) -Could add a turtle that punishes other turtles to see how that affects learning behavior -Could create turtles with more traits to see how the interaction changes over time. Could also model different types of learning (ex: learning by fear of punishment/ health reduction) -Could also change the color of the barriers to multiple colors so that the turtles are not only learning to avoid one color (red), but many. -in order to allow for turtles to more effectively avoid red barriers, the random heading changes could instead be set to 90 or 180 degrees so that the turtles do not touch the red barriers at all. CREDITS AND REFERENCES --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thanks to Professor Grobstein and Evan Raskin for their guidance and for helping me with the code for this model. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 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