globals[population-capacity num-animals1 num-animals2 oldanimals1 oldanimals2]
breed [animals1 animal1 ]
breed [animals2 animal2 ]
breed [predators predator]
animals1-own [age]
animals2-own [age]

to setup 
ca
create-animals1 10
ask animals1 [set color red set age random maxageanimals1]
create-animals2 10
ask animals2 [set color blue set age random maxageanimals2]
set population-capacity 100
create-predators predator-number [set color black]
setup-plotting
update-monitors
update-plots
end

to setup-plotting
set-current-plot "Organisms Over Time"
set-plot-y-range 0 population-capacity
end

to go
ask animals1[rt random 360 fd random 20 animals1-age animals1-reproduce animals1-die]
ask animals2[rt random 360 fd random 20 animals2-age animals2-reproduce animals2-die]
ask predators[set color black rt random 360 fd random 5]
tick
update-monitors
update-plots
end

to predation
ask animals1[rt random 360 fd random 2 animals1-age animals1-reproduce animals1-die]
ask animals2[rt random 360 fd random 2 animals2-age animals2-reproduce animals2-die]
ask predators[set color white rt random 360 fd random 5]
ask animals1 [while [any? predators in-radius 2 and age > avoidpredatorage] [set heading random 360 fd 2]]
ask animals2 [while [any? predators in-radius 2 and age > avoidpredatorage] [set heading random 360 fd 2]]
ask predators [if any? animals1-here [ask animals1-here [die]]]
ask predators [if any? animals2-here [ask animals2-here [die]]]
ask animals1 [if age > (maxageanimals1 * 0.5) [set color red + 1]]
ask animals1 [if age < (maxageanimals1 * 0.5) [set color red - 1]]
ask animals2 [if age > (maxageanimals2 * 0.5) [set color blue + 1]]
ask animals2 [if age < (maxageanimals2 * 0.5) [set color blue - 1]]
tick
update-monitors
update-plots
end 

to animals1-age
set age (age + 1)
end

to animals2-age 
set age (age + 1)
end

to animals1-reproduce
if (random 5) = 0 [hatch 1 set age random maxageanimals1]
end

to animals2-reproduce
if (random 5) = 0 [hatch 1 set age random maxageanimals2]
end

to animals1-die
if random 1000 < count animals1 [die]
if age > (maxageanimals1 * 0.95) [die]
end 

to animals2-die
if random 1000 < count animals2 [die]
if age > (maxageanimals2 * 0.95) [die]
end 

to update-monitors
set num-animals1 (count animals1)
set num-animals2 (count animals2)
set oldanimals1 (count animals1 with [age > 7])
set oldanimals2 (count animals2 with [age > 7])
end

to update-plots
  set-current-plot-pen "Animals1"
  plot num-animals1

  set-current-plot-pen "Animals2"
  plot num-animals2
end
@#$#@#$#@
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Organisms Over Time
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@#$#@#$#@
WHAT IS IT?
-----------
This model demonstrates how if an organism or population of organisms posses a trait that confers an advantage in a given environment their fitness in that environment will greater. This shows evolution of organisms that are best adapted to environment--environmental selection.


HOW IT WORKS
------------
The SETUP button creates two different populations of animals: animals1 and animals2. These two populations differ only in the their life span. 

The MAXAGEANIMALS1 and MAXAGEANIMALS2 allows you to chose the life span of animals1 and animals2 respectively.

The AVOIDPREDATORSAGE allows you to choose the age at which the two different populations learn to avoid predators. While you can only choose one variable for both populations, since they have different life spans they differ in the stage in their life during which they learn to avoid predators.

The PREDATOR-NUMBER button allows you to create a certain number of predators.

The PREDATION button introduces predators into the model which kill the organism when they land on the same patch as that organism.

The plot of Organisms Over Time shows the number of animals1 and animals2 in the population.

The monitors show the number of animals in the population that are above the AVOIDPREDATORSAGE age. This is also shown by the color of the animals. Darker animals are older than the learning-to-avoid-predator age and lighter animals are younger than the AVOIDPREDATORSAGE age.

HOW TO USE IT
-------------
Set the MAXAGEANIMALS1, MAXAGEANIMALS2, and PREDATOR-NUMBER sliders. Then press the SETUP and GO button to create the two different populations of animals. Next press the PREDATION button to introduce predators and observe what effect this has to the two different populations of organisms.


THINGS TO NOTICE
----------------
Notice that the selective pressure--predators, gives organisms that learn to avoid at a younger stage in their life an advantage. So as the model runs you should notice the number of older animals getting steadily larger. Also change the life spans, stage at which the different populations learn to avoid predators, and observe the effect this has on their relative fitness in the environment. 


THINGS TO TRY
-------------
Try various life spans for the two different populations of organisms and see what effect setting the AVOIDPREDATORSAGE age very high or low has on the difference in number of organisms in each population when pressing the PREDATION button. Also how does the environment, number of predators, have an affect on the success of the two populations of organisms? Does a more dangerous environment enhance the fitness of one population of organisms to the other?


EXTENDING THE MODEL
-------------------
One way to extend this model is would be to keep the life spans of the two organisms the same but have the different organisms learn to avoid predators either early in their life or late in their life.

CREDITS AND REFERENCES
----------------------
Thanks to Professor Grobstein and students in the Emergence class.
@#$#@#$#@
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